Developed originally at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in the second half of the 1980’s, the C Language has become a high-level programming language responsible for almost all operating systems of today. Together with the object-oriented successor of C, C++, these two languages have become commercial software’s first choice in programming language. UNIX runs on C Language and is becoming commercially acceptable on a mass scale.
Venture capital seems to be financing C Language-based software development as it is gaining interest in the job market and receiving support from large corporations and big business markets. Communications and Information Technology are some of the employment opportunities available for the expert C Language programmer.
Like any language learning exercise, the C Language begins with Variables and Constants. These Variables and Constants of basic data types create words and sentences of C, forming the C programming language. A set of instructions and rules for writing in the C Language exists, as is part of any computer programming language. These instructions are explained in online tutorials defining Statements, Expressions, Operators, Managing Input/Output Operations, Strings, Arrays, Functions, Pointers, Dynamic Memory allocation and more.
Using Preprocessor directives, Macros, define identifier string, Simple macro substitution, Macros as arguments, Nesting of macros, Un-defining a macro and File inclusion, the C Language programmer becomes familiar with the terms and functions of this complex programming language. The preprocessor in the C Language is examined in tutorials that describe modifying and reading C Language and discuss efficiency and portability.
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C++ Language
Created by Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T Bell Labs as an extension of C, C++ is an object-oriented computer language used in the development of enterprise and commercial applications. Microsoft’s Visual C++ became the premier language of choice among developers and programmers.
As a procedural programming language, C++ uses program structures such as i/o (input/output), assignment statement, iterative statements, conditional statements and subprograms. Data structures of C++ include integer, real, char, arrays, structs and pointers.
Employment opportunities are numerous and well paid for C++ programmers and developers looking to work in the field of Software Engineering or as an IT Professional. Oftentimes, C++ Professionals will also be familiar with C, Linux, Unix, Java, .NET and VB (Visual Basic). Developers working with C++ can expect to participate in a variety of programming opportunities: developing systems for trading applications for an Investment Bank, developing cutting edge software applications for groundbreaking new technologies (Smartphone, PDA, etc.) to creating applications for 3-D Imaging Software or spectroscopic systems.
C++ Tutorials available in this section include explanations for simple to more advanced concepts of C++ in detail with sample coding information. A new programmer or developer interested in learning about C++ programming language and finding out why C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages for creating large-scale applications can utilize the tutorials and articles on C++ made available in this section.
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JavaScript
Developed initially by Netscape in 1995 for use with HTML pages, JavaScript is now a widely used scripting language supported by the majority of Web browsers and diverse Web tools. A registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc., JavaScript works with HTML pages, adding interactive functions that developers can use to create dynamic Web Pages. JavaScript is a less powerful version of Java that is easy to learn and use as it contains simpler syntax and rules . JavaScript’s source code is embedded into the header of the HTML page on the client side and compiled into intermediate language (bytecode) on the server side. There are no licensing issues with JavaScript.
JavaScript functions as both a procedural language and an object-oriented language. With JavaScript, a developer or programmer can create objects and attach methods and properties. JavaScript reduces the load on the server because most of the data is processed on the client side, resulting in faster processing time for millions of web pages on the Internet. JavaScript’s main functionality is in the development of web pages and web sites that are easily interactive and user-friendly.
Because of the popularity of JavaScript, career opportunities for JavaScript web developers are available all over the world. Online tutorials on JavaScript’s features are available for beginners as well as advanced developers.
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VBScript
Microsoft’s VBScript (Visual Basic Script) is a scripting language used to create dynamic and interactive web pages. VBScript is a subset of Visual Basic, a more developed scripting language, and is commonly used on the Web as a client side scripting language and server-side processing in ASPs (Active Server Pages). The interpreted script language VBScript is designed for Web Browser interpretation. VBScript is similar to scripting languages, including; Netscape’s JavaScript, Sun Microsystem’s Tcl, IBM’s Rexx and the UNIX-derived Perl. These scripting languages have been designed to be used as an extension for html language. A Web Browser receives the scripts for websites through web page documents that are then parsed and processed.
VBScript, like JavaScript (Jscript) is an ActiveX-enabled scripting language that connects to scripting hosts such as Internet Explorer and performs functions locally using the Windows Script Host (WSH). As a general rule, scripting languages are coded faster and simpler than in the compiled languages of C and C++. VBScript is structured and used with smaller programs with limited capability. Programmers, developers and IT professionals learning VBScript should also be familiar with ASP (Active Server Pages) and possess SQL Server commercial experience. Tutorials on VBScript include controlling script routines, working with objects, variables, forms and general VBScript information.
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CSS
Cascading Style Sheets or CSS, as it is informally known, is the premier developer’s tool for designing high-end websites. CSS language works with HTML to define the contents of a website with ease and flexibility in a straightforward process. Adjusting layouts and style sheets are manipulated with CSS. CSS saves programmer / designer’s time and energy in adjusting changes to the development of a website by placing the code directly into the HTML document head, and/or in a separate sheet for simple website alteration.
CSS has the additional benefit of reducing the file size of HTML documents, ridding the overall website of presentation attributes and image spacing in order to provide faster site navigation. CSS provides the programmer with secure style sheets that can be linked to a single document, ensuring correct presentation on different media including browsers, handheld devices, projectors and printers.
Tutorials and training related to CSS programming language are provided with full information on CSS Syntax, CSS Background, Working with Text and Fonts, creating Elements and Element Displays, Pseudo Classes, Media Styles, Borders, Margin, Padding, Dimensions and Colors. Sample code is supplied for the experienced or beginner developer to learn everything there is to know to create and design a dynamic, successful and professional-looking website.
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Main Frame
The term ‘MainFrame’ brings to mind a giant room of electronic parts that is a computer, referring to the original CPU cabinet in a computer of the mid-1960’s. Today, Mainframe refers to a class of ultra-reliable large and medium-scale servers designed for carrier-class and enterprise-class systems operations. Mainframes are costly, due to the support of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and dozens of central processors existing within in a single system. Mainframes are highly scalable. Through the addition of clusters, high-speed caches and volumes of memory, they connect to terabyte holding data subsystems.
The first mainframe vendors were GE, Control Data, IBM, NCR, RCA, Burroughs, Honeywell and Univac. Collectively known as “IBM and the Seven Dwarfs”. Through mergers, these vendors shifted within the industry, becoming “IBM and the BUNCH”. Running a version of Unix or Linux, these vendors led by IBM now include Amdahl (Fujitsu), Unisys and Sun among others.
Online training includes the History of Mainframes, Job Control Language (JCL) and thorough tutorials on the components, transactions and functions of the Customer Information Control System (CCIS). Mainframe professionals can find well-paid work in highly respected and breakthrough technology companies throughout the world as Mainframe Systems Programmers and Project Managers.
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PHP
Hypertext Preprocessor or PHP as it is generally known, is a popular, Open Source all-purpose scripting language that is suited for Web development and embedded into HTML. PHP differs from Perl or C scripting languages by using special start and end tags that enclose the code, allowing the programmer to freely move in and out of “PHP mode”. PHP is distinguishable from client-side JavaScript because the code is executed on the server. The client receives the script results without being able to determine the underlying code. Configuring the web server to process all HTML files with PHP allows for safer and more secure scripting possibilities.
PHP is a simple and easy to use scripting language for a beginner developer but offers professional programming options and advanced features. PHP is focused on server-side scripting but has many more possibilities within designing, building, testing and deploying PHP sites. The syntax of PHP is similar to C, Java and Pearl and allows the web developer to create code for dynamically generated web pages in a quick and simple manner.
Although the main target field for PHP is server-side scripting, PHP can also be used for command line scripting and writing desktop applications. Tutorials include overviews and specific information on file manipulation, arrays, strings, functions, operators, variables, data types and installation for PHP. PHP is versatile and can be used with Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and other operating systems. PHP supports many web servers and the developer can choose whether to use PHP as a procedural programming or object-oriented programming tool.
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XML
that are automatically processed and generated for the World Wide Web. The breakdown of XML is as follows: Extensible, meaning user-defined tags, Markup, a collection of tags and XML Tags identifying data content.
Created in 1996, XML 1.0 was implemented for use in 1998 in association with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Like HTML, XML is a markup language but it differs in its use of tags and attributes (markup). XML complies with cross-platform scripting language to create active information and interpret text-based code. XML language defines what the data is and HTML defines what it looks like (fonts and display).
Tutorials on the basic background information about XML, Elements in Document Type Definitions, Attributes, Entities and using XML with scripting languages are presented in ease to understand XML tutorials. Computer Sciences Engineers and IT Professionals are expected to be familiar with XML in addition to other open source technologies such as Java, Linux, Perl and MySQL. Software engineers, programmers and developers utilize XML in the development of web applications.
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AJAX
“Asynchronous JavaScript And XML”, otherwise known as AJAX, is a programming language that allows a web page to receive miniscule amounts of data from a web server without reloading the complete web page. Ajax works together with JavaScript. AJAX permits Web pages to be dynamic, interactive and behave as local applications. This combination of features is known as “rich client” applications. AJAX is similar to Dynamic HTML and allows synchronous and asynchronous access to remote services by using the XMLHTTPRequest object.
Before AJAX technology was developed, a request from the user for the retrieval of data would cause the entire Web page to be refreshed, resulting in very slow loading time and minimal interaction between the user and the web page. With the advent and success of AJAX, websites utilize the “remote scripting” of AJAX to better the functionality and waiting time of interactive and dynamic websites. The server exchanges small amounts of data without the user’s knowledge, increasing the speed, usability and navigation of web pages.
It is necessary for any IT professional programmer or developer to be familiar with the Ajax programming language. Online Training explaining the uses of Ajax, critique of Ajax, Challenges, Framework, basic overview of Web Services, XML, security aspects and the power of Ajax are discussed through tutorials in this section.
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CSS3
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet format, endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that works with HTML documents using simple syntax and various style properties denoted by English language keywords.
CSS1 (Version 1.0) incorporated innumerable layout settings suitable for downloadable HTML pages. CSS2 (Version 2.0) provides additional XML support, downloadable fonts and audio presentations for visually impaired users. CSS3 (Version 3.0) continues in development and its improved highlights include: vertical text, extensive backgrounds and borders, speech recognition and user interaction.
Most web browsers support CSS3 as it becomes more popular and more web designers implement the use of CSS3 in their layout design. Web designers and web developers CSS3 can find valuable employment all over the world.
Informative online training articles based on CSS3 including tutorials on Selectors, multi column features, advantages, opacity, wrapping and link usage and creation are covered in this section. CSS3 is modularized, providing greater flexibility and capability for the developer or programmer. Maintenance of the system is improved from earlier versions and allows for individual modules to be tested and integrated with ease. CSS3 has become popular with developers due to faster completion time, more flexibility and easier maintenance of web pages.
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UML
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is an object-oriented analysis and design language defined by the Object Management Group (OMG). UML is used in the software engineering field and describes a programming language used as a graphical designation to create an abstract model that can be used in a system (UML model).
UML is primarily used to construct software intensive systems. In today’s information technology industry, the need for efficiency and rapid software development in short periods of time has become a programmer’s main challenge. Building complex software applications is a difficult process and learning and utilizing UML assists the developer in seeing these processes through.
UML supports twelve diagramming methods including structural (class, object, component, deployment), behavioral (case, sequence, activity, collaboration, state chart) and model management (incorporating packages, subsystems and models). The UML tutorials in this section provide the computer sciences professional with a 7-day UML educational tutorial. Within the course of the tutorial, a programmer can learn the basics of UML diagramming structures. The 7-day tutorial is broken down into digestible information that includes four days of UML theory and three days of practical usage. The thorough tutorial provides the IT professional with lessons, questions and exercises to further practice development of UML.
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jQuery
“What exactly is jQuery anyway?” Well simply put jQuery is an extensive and vast JavaScript library that offers a tier of functions that are meant to ease and simplify normally complicated JavaScript development. Learning jQuery: Better Interaction Design and Web Development with Simple JavaScript Techniques is a wonderful introduction to JQuery framework. The book offers many informative code samples and extremely helpful tutorials about how to make JQuery work for you and how to deal with common issues as well as not so common issues such as; acquiring information with the use of AJAX and manipulating tubular data.
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